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发布时间：2025-07-15 12:17:23 更新时间：2025-07-14 12:17:23

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作者：中科光析科学技术研究所检测中心

Introduction to Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) Detection

Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), also known as C3F7COOH, is a short-chain perfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) that has gained significant attention due to its widespread industrial applications and potential environmental and health impacts. As a member of the PFAS family, PFBA is commonly used in manufacturing processes for products such as firefighting foams, stain-resistant coatings, and industrial surfactants. Its chemical stability and persistence in the environment make it a concern; PFBA can accumulate in water sources, soil, and biological systems, leading to long-term exposure risks for humans and wildlife. Studies have linked PFBA exposure to adverse health effects, including endocrine disruption, developmental issues, and potential carcinogenicity, emphasizing the critical need for reliable detection methods. The detection of PFBA is particularly vital in regulatory cons, such as monitoring drinking water quality under programs like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) PFAS Action Plan, to ensure public safety and environmental compliance. This article delves into the key aspects of PFBA detection, highlighting the specific projects, instruments, methodologies, and standards that underpin this essential analytical process.

Moreover, the global rise in PFAS contamination incidents—such as those stemming from industrial discharges or legacy pollution—has intensified the demand for accurate PFBA detection. Unlike longer-chain PFAS compounds like perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFBA's shorter carbon chain makes it more mobile in water systems, increasing the challenge of detection but also its relevance in risk assessments. For instance, PFBA has been detected in groundwater near manufacturing sites, agricultural runoff, and even consumer products, making routine monitoring indispensable for pollution control and remediation efforts. Advances in analytical chemistry have enabled more sensitive and selective detection techniques, which are crucial for meeting stringent regulatory limits and safeguarding ecosystems. In this comprehensive overview, we explore the core components of PFBA detection, starting with the specific items targeted in analyses, followed by the instruments employed, the step-by-step methods used, and the established standards that ensure consistency and reliability across laboratories.

Detection Items

The detection of perfluorobutanoic acid focuses on specific parameters that quantify its presence and concentration in various matrices. Primary detection items include PFBA concentration levels in environmental samples, such as drinking water, surface water, wastewater, and soil, as well as in biological samples like blood, urine, or tissue from humans and animals. Additionally, detection projects often extend to evaluating PFBA's degradation products or its interactions with other contaminants, which can influence risk assessments. For example, in water quality monitoring, the target might be PFBA concentrations measured in parts per trillion (ppt) to comply with health advisory levels, such as the EPA's provisional limit of 70 ppt for combined PFAS in drinking water. In food safety cons, items include residual PFBA in agricultural products or packaging materials, ensuring adherence to guidelines like those set by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). The specificity of these items allows for tailored analytical approaches, depending on the sample type and regulatory requirements, ultimately aiming to quantify PFBA accurately and identify potential exposure pathways.

Detection Instruments

A range of sophisticated instruments are employed for detecting perfluorobutanoic acid, leveraging advanced technologies to achieve high sensitivity and precision. Key instruments include liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which is widely regarded as the gold standard for PFBA analysis due to its ability to separate and quantify trace levels in complex matrices with minimal interference. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) is another common choice, particularly for volatile derivatives of PFBA, though it often requires derivatization steps to enhance detection. Additionally, instruments like high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can be used for complementary analyses, but LC-MS/MS remains preferred for its superior selectivity and low detection limits, typically achieving quantification down to 0.1 ng/L in water samples. Modern innovations, such as triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, further improve accuracy by reducing background noise and enabling multi-analyte screening. These instruments are integrated into laboratory workflows, often automated for high-throughput testing, and calibrated regularly to ensure reliable performance across diverse sample types.

Detection Methods

The detection methods for perfluorobutanoic acid involve systematic procedures designed to extract, purify, and analyze samples with high accuracy. A standard method begins with sample collection and preservation, such as using amber glass bottles for water samples to prevent photodegradation, followed by storage at low temperatures. Pre-treatment steps include solid-phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment and cleanup, where cartridges like Oasis WAX are used to isolate PFBA from interfering compounds in matrices like wastewater or biological fluids. For complex samples, additional techniques like liquid-liquid extraction or QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe) may be applied. The core analytical phase utilizes instrumental setups, such as LC-MS/MS, where the sample is injected into a chromatographic column (e.g., C18) for separation, then ionized and detected via mass spectrometry in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode to identify PFBA-specific ions (e.g., m/z transitions). Quality control steps, including the use of internal standards like isotope-labeled PFBA (e.g., 13C4-PFBA), are critical for correcting matrix effects and ensuring quantitation accuracy. This method typically takes 1-2 days per sample batch and emphasizes minimizing contamination through rigorous lab protocols.

Detection Standards

Detection standards for perfluorobutanoic acid are established by international and national regulatory bodies to ensure uniformity, reliability, and comparability of results across testing facilities. Key standards include the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Method 533 and Method 537.1, which provide detailed protocols for measuring PFBA in drinking water using LC-MS/MS, specifying performance criteria like detection limits (e.g., minimum reporting level of 4 ng/L) and quality control requirements. Internationally, standards such as ISO 21675:2019 outline methods for PFAS determination in water samples through solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS, while guidelines from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) cover broader PFAS groups, including PFBA. Organizations like ASTM International also contribute with standards like D8421-21 for water analysis. These standards mandate validation steps, such as recovery tests and proficiency testing, to certify laboratories and support regulatory compliance, such as under the EU's Drinking Water Directive or national programs. Adherence to these standards is essential for credible data reporting and effective environmental monitoring, helping to mitigate PFBA's risks through science-based decision-making.